Activated Alumina and Actiguard Arsenic, Fluoride Removal Systems, Storm Water Runoff, Remediation, Ballast Water, Mine Sites, Phosphate Arsenic Removal and Co-adsorption, Competing Ions and Preconditioning Activated Alumina
Water Treatment
Potable Water Applications Alcan Water Treatment Products are adsorbents which remove contaminants by a combination of chemisorption and physisorption and particulate (or physical) filtration for the removal of metal contaminants from water. Activated alumina, with its many types of adsorptive sites and high surface area, is the perfect choice for the adsorption of various unwanted minerals in water, with proven results for arsenic, high levels of fluoride, copper, zinc, lead and phosphates. There is also the potential for chromium, silica , selenium and mercury. Arsenic In areas with high natural concentrations, arsenic causes arsenic poisoning, as well as having been identified as a contributing factor for different forms of cancer. The identification of this problem has precipitated the lowering of MCL levels in much of the world from 50 ppb (parts per billion) to 5 ppb or less. Used with regeneration, activated alumina was the accepted best technology when compliance levels were less demanding. New requirements needed to be developed for higher uptake capacity and the ability to remove arsenic cost-effectively without regeneration or creating hazardous waste requiring special handling. Alcan’s attention was drawn to the situation in India and Bangladesh. Rural areas had very high levels of arsenic in their water, yet lacked the means to build large public water systems with regeneration. Alcan designed an iron enhanced activated alumina, ActiGuard AAFS50, to increase the arsenic adsorption capacity while maintaining all of the physical properties necessary to work effectively in a wide range of conditions. ActiGuard AAFS50, a globally patented iron-enhanced activated alumina, is a highly effective low-cost adsorptive material. It has been identified by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality as the most cost-effective technology for arsenic removal. Currently, it’s being used globally for spring water bottling, point of use and point of entry, as well as small public and municipal systems. It is also being used in simple, small, gravity-feed domestic units in Asia where the requirements are 7-10 liters per day per individual. Fluoride Fluoride is generally felt to be beneficial for dental health at levels up to 1.5 ppm (parts per million). However, at higher levels it has been linked to fluorosis, causing debilitating bone structure disease, as well as discoloration and mottling of teeth. Fluoride at harmful levels occurs naturally in many of the same regions as arsenic in ground water. Alcan provides Fluorograde AA400G, an activated alumina product, for fluoride removal. Due to the higher levels of fluoride as compared to arsenic, regeneration is usually required to make it cost-effective. Promoted products can be provided for applications where regeneration isn’t feasible. AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT OPTIONS ActiGuard Arsenic and Fluoride Removal Systems ActiGuard systems can be designed for water systems as small as 25 gpm to beyond 3000 gpm. Systems are based around a simple adsorptive model using a lead lag design incorporating 5 minutes of empty bed contact time. The highest grades of materials are used. FRP, epoxy-coated steel, and stainless steel columns are available. It can be supplied as a turnkey operation, along with training for operators, modular units, lease, purchase, lease to own, or contract for water treatment at cost per 1000 gallons. Modifications available: - Regenerative systems with caustic and acid feed.- pH adjusting systems with either acid or CO2 feed.- Manual or automatic backwashing available.- All of the above can be provided, allowing you to realize the most cost-effective system per 1000 gallons of water treated.
Potable Water Applications
Alcan Water Treatment Products are adsorbents which remove contaminants by a combination of chemisorption and physisorption and particulate (or physical) filtration for the removal of metal contaminants from water. Activated alumina, with its many types of adsorptive sites and high surface area, is the perfect choice for the adsorption of various unwanted minerals in water, with proven results for arsenic, high levels of fluoride, copper, zinc, lead and phosphates. There is also the potential for chromium, silica , selenium and mercury.
Arsenic
In areas with high natural concentrations, arsenic causes arsenic poisoning, as well as having been identified as a contributing factor for different forms of cancer. The identification of this problem has precipitated the lowering of MCL levels in much of the world from 50 ppb (parts per billion) to 5 ppb or less. Used with regeneration, activated alumina was the accepted best technology when compliance levels were less demanding. New requirements needed to be developed for higher uptake capacity and the ability to remove arsenic cost-effectively without regeneration or creating hazardous waste requiring special handling.
Alcan’s attention was drawn to the situation in India and Bangladesh. Rural areas had very high levels of arsenic in their water, yet lacked the means to build large public water systems with regeneration. Alcan designed an iron enhanced activated alumina, ActiGuard AAFS50, to increase the arsenic adsorption capacity while maintaining all of the physical properties necessary to work effectively in a wide range of conditions. ActiGuard AAFS50, a globally patented iron-enhanced activated alumina, is a highly effective low-cost adsorptive material. It has been identified by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality as the most cost-effective technology for arsenic removal. Currently, it’s being used globally for spring water bottling, point of use and point of entry, as well as small public and municipal systems. It is also being used in simple, small, gravity-feed domestic units in Asia where the requirements are 7-10 liters per day per individual.
Fluoride
Fluoride is generally felt to be beneficial for dental health at levels up to 1.5 ppm (parts per million). However, at higher levels it has been linked to fluorosis, causing debilitating bone structure disease, as well as discoloration and mottling of teeth. Fluoride at harmful levels occurs naturally in many of the same regions as arsenic in ground water.
Alcan provides Fluorograde AA400G, an activated alumina product, for fluoride removal. Due to the higher levels of fluoride as compared to arsenic, regeneration is usually required to make it cost-effective. Promoted products can be provided for applications where regeneration isn’t feasible.
AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT OPTIONS
ActiGuard Arsenic and Fluoride Removal Systems
ActiGuard systems can be designed for water systems as small as 25 gpm to beyond 3000 gpm. Systems are based around a simple adsorptive model using a lead lag design incorporating 5 minutes of empty bed contact time. The highest grades of materials are used. FRP, epoxy-coated steel, and stainless steel columns are available.
It can be supplied as a turnkey operation, along with training for operators, modular units, lease, purchase, lease to own, or contract for water treatment at cost per 1000 gallons.
Modifications available:
- Regenerative systems with caustic and acid feed.- pH adjusting systems with either acid or CO2 feed.- Manual or automatic backwashing available.- All of the above can be provided, allowing you to realize the most cost-effective system per 1000 gallons of water treated.
Arsenic Removal
For 25 years, activated alumina has been the preferred media for arsenic removal from water. As an industry leader Alcan Specialty Aluminas has developed a new, improved grade ActiGuard AAFS50 with up to three times the capacity of standard activated alumina. By taking an already successful media and using a patented, proprietary process, Alcan ActiGuard AAFS50 the easiest and proven most cost effective media available. Tests on systems in the field have yielded results in which arsenic levels of over 1,200 ppb have been reduced to less than 5 ppb. Historically, regeneration was the accepted method of making activated alumina systems cost- effective. Regeneration however, has some drawbacks, including the handling and storage of chemicals, additional processing steps, and the disposal of regeneration effluent. Regeneration is not realistically feasible for POU and POE systems. The greater adsorptive capacity of ActiGuard AAFS50 makes it economical for one-time use and disposal. Spent material has met the TCLP and California WET Test standards and may be placed in a landfill. The material is a very robust granule and will not break down or deteriorate with use as iron based media. The low pressure drop provides a system requiring less maintenance. Pre-filtered water will allow the adsorptive system to operate virtually without back washing. It is effective on both As(III) and As(V), note the capacity for As(III) is sixty five percent of that for As(V) and therefore oxidation is recommended. Low media cost, coupled with the simple flow through design (EBCT of 5 minutes or less) makes Actiguard AAFS50 the preferred media for arsenic removal in most situations. Large municipal systems will have to weigh the advantages provided by ActiGuard AAFS50 with the operating cost and economies provided by a regenerated AA400G activated alumina system. Alcan products are being used in municipal, bottled water, POE, POU units globally. The performance of activated alumina and ActiGuard AAFS50 in any application will depend on the water treated. The data provided herein is for guideline purposes only. Users are advised to check the performance of Alcan Products prior to their adoption into any system. ActiGuard AAFS50 is activated alumina promoted with a proprietary additive. This combination has been engineered for enhanced arsenic removal from water. AAFS50 has shown arsenic capacities of two to three times greater than unpromoted activated alumina. Arsenic commonly occurs in two forms: As(V) (arsenate) and As(III) (arsenite). Maximum arsenic capacity is achieved when dealing with As(V). AAFS50’s capacity for As(III) adsorption is about 40% its capacity for As(V). Oxidation is recommended to assist with As(III) removal, when possible. Simple chlorination will oxidize As(III) to As(V) allowing complete removal. ActiGuard AAFS50 can be effective at a wide range of pH levels depending on the competing ions present. Where high levels of silica are present, along with a pH level higher than 7.0, an adjustment may be necessary for optimum results.The performance of any adsorbent is dependent on the water being treated. The data provided is for guideline purposes only. Users are advised to check performance prior to their adoption into a system. Available in granular form in sizes 28 x 48 mesh, with other sizes being supplied on special request. Packaged in 907 kg (2,000 lb.) super bags, 158 kg (350 lb.), 45 kg (100 lb.), and 22 kg (50 lb.) boxes. Other forms of packaging can be considered on special request.
For 25 years, activated alumina has been the preferred media for arsenic removal from water. As an industry leader Alcan Specialty Aluminas has developed a new, improved grade ActiGuard AAFS50 with up to three times the capacity of standard activated alumina.
By taking an already successful media and using a patented, proprietary process, Alcan ActiGuard AAFS50 the easiest and proven most cost effective media available. Tests on systems in the field have yielded results in which arsenic levels of over 1,200 ppb have been reduced to less than 5 ppb.
Historically, regeneration was the accepted method of making activated alumina systems cost- effective. Regeneration however, has some drawbacks, including the handling and storage of chemicals, additional processing steps, and the disposal of regeneration effluent. Regeneration is not realistically feasible for POU and POE systems. The greater adsorptive capacity of ActiGuard AAFS50 makes it economical for one-time use and disposal. Spent material has met the TCLP and California WET Test standards and may be placed in a landfill. The material is a very robust granule and will not break down or deteriorate with use as iron based media. The low pressure drop provides a system requiring less maintenance. Pre-filtered water will allow the adsorptive system to operate virtually without back washing. It is effective on both As(III) and As(V), note the capacity for As(III) is sixty five percent of that for As(V) and therefore oxidation is recommended.
Low media cost, coupled with the simple flow through design (EBCT of 5 minutes or less) makes Actiguard AAFS50 the preferred media for arsenic removal in most situations.
Large municipal systems will have to weigh the advantages provided by ActiGuard AAFS50 with the operating cost and economies provided by a regenerated AA400G activated alumina system.
Alcan products are being used in municipal, bottled water, POE, POU units globally. The performance of activated alumina and ActiGuard AAFS50 in any application will depend on the water treated. The data provided herein is for guideline purposes only. Users are advised to check the performance of Alcan Products prior to their adoption into any system.
ActiGuard AAFS50 is activated alumina promoted with a proprietary additive. This combination has been engineered for enhanced arsenic removal from water. AAFS50 has shown arsenic capacities of two to three times greater than unpromoted activated alumina.
Arsenic commonly occurs in two forms: As(V) (arsenate) and As(III) (arsenite). Maximum arsenic capacity is achieved when dealing with As(V).
AAFS50’s capacity for As(III) adsorption is about 40% its capacity for As(V). Oxidation is recommended to assist with As(III) removal, when possible. Simple chlorination will oxidize As(III) to As(V) allowing complete removal.
ActiGuard AAFS50 can be effective at a wide range of pH levels depending on the competing ions present. Where high levels of silica are present, along with a pH level higher than 7.0, an adjustment may be necessary for optimum results.The performance of any adsorbent is dependent on the water being treated. The data provided is for guideline purposes only. Users are advised to check performance prior to their adoption into a system.
Available in granular form in sizes 28 x 48 mesh, with other sizes being supplied on special request.
Packaged in 907 kg (2,000 lb.) super bags, 158 kg (350 lb.), 45 kg (100 lb.), and 22 kg (50 lb.) boxes. Other forms of packaging can be considered on special request.
Water Treament Contd…
Water Remediation Applications Storm Water Runoff: Even rainwater can be environmentally damaging when it contains soluble metals which have leached into the environment from industrial sites, scrap yards, and the like. To keep local water resources clean and safe, AAFS50 is currently being used to treat storm water runoff at a number of locations for a variety of different contaminants. These include copper and zinc removal from runoff at metal recycling centers, and phosphate removal for the protection of lakes. Normally, the first quarter inch per rainfall event is treated. Remediation: Improper disposal of contaminants in past decades, along with newly identified issues, are creating new remediation sites on a regular basis. AAFS50 is proving to be the most cost-effective route for many of these applications. It’s currently being used at EPA Superfund sites for arsenic remediation. One site utilized AAFS50 to lower extremely high levels of arsenic (17 parts per million) to compliance levels. Another site has been treating 110 gpm with 50-60 ppb of arsenic continuously for two years without media replacement. Ballast Water: Sacrificial zinc anodes used in the ballast tanks of large ships to reduce corrosion do their job well. Unfortunately, they also create a discharge with high zinc levels. AAFS50 has proven to be a cost-effective method for reducing the zinc to acceptable levels in harbors and shipyards. Mine Sites: Both operating and even long-abandoned mining sites around the world are invariably surrounded by mounds of tailings, which leach unsafe levels of lead, arsenic, and zinc into nearby water sources. AAFS50 has been identified as an attractive treatment method. Its ability to adsorb the contaminants and bind them into a form that can be placed back into the mine or tailings area without fear of the contaminants leaching off make it the perfect choice. Phosphate Contaminated Lakes: Many lakes and rivers have been adversely affected by phosphates from laundry detergents, lawn and agricultural fertilizers, and other farm runoff. Projects are now underway looking at various strategies to both remedy the causeand clean up the lingering effects of past phosphate problems. Alcan Activated Alumina Products are being used and studied to address these issues. Alcan Activated Aluminas for Potable Water and a Cleaner Environment Advantages of AAFS50 in Arsenic Removal Applications - Lowest cost per 1,000 gallons, generated by high capacity and low cost per cubic foot.- Robust material won’t deteriorate with backwash. (Many media claim higher capacities, but break down and cause lower column capacity due to media loss.)- Works across a broad range of water chemistries.- Iron levels do not affect the arsenic capacity.- Landfillable. AAFS50 has passed both TCLP and California WET tests for disposal without any of the hazardous wastes associated with iron coagulation or ion exchange resins.- Certified to NSF/ANSI standard 61, and successfully completed an- EPA ETV project. Advantages of AAFS50 in Water Remediation Applications - Ideal and cost effective for a wide variety of uses including – Storm water runoff, Remediation, Ballast water, Mine sites and Phosphate contaminated lakes. Advantages of AA400G in Fluoride Removal Applications - Easy to use. The feed solution is simply pumped through the bed to yield an effluent containing less than 1 ppm fluoride.- Highly adsorbent. AA400G Fluorograde is able to adsorb as much as 1.4 g fluoride per 100 g alumina.- Economical. Because of its high adsorption capacity, a unit will be operational for a longer time between change outs. This means savings on handling costs, too.- Removes arsenic and other contaminants right alongside fluoride removal.
Water Remediation Applications
Storm Water Runoff: Even rainwater can be environmentally damaging when it contains soluble metals which have leached into the environment from industrial sites, scrap yards, and the like.
To keep local water resources clean and safe, AAFS50 is currently being used to treat storm water runoff at a number of locations for a variety of different contaminants. These include copper and zinc removal from runoff at metal recycling centers, and phosphate removal for the protection of lakes. Normally, the first quarter inch per rainfall event is treated.
Remediation: Improper disposal of contaminants in past decades, along with newly identified issues, are creating new remediation sites on a regular basis. AAFS50 is proving to be the most cost-effective route for many of these applications. It’s currently being used at EPA Superfund sites for arsenic remediation. One site utilized AAFS50 to lower extremely high levels of arsenic (17 parts per million) to compliance levels. Another site has been treating 110 gpm with 50-60 ppb of arsenic continuously for two years without media replacement.
Ballast Water: Sacrificial zinc anodes used in the ballast tanks of large ships to reduce corrosion do their job well. Unfortunately, they also create a discharge with high zinc levels. AAFS50 has proven to be a cost-effective method for reducing the zinc to acceptable levels in harbors and shipyards.
Mine Sites: Both operating and even long-abandoned mining sites around the world are invariably surrounded by mounds of tailings, which leach unsafe levels of lead, arsenic, and zinc into nearby water sources. AAFS50 has been identified as an attractive treatment method. Its ability to adsorb the contaminants and bind them into a form that can be placed back into the mine or tailings area without fear of the contaminants leaching off make it the perfect choice.
Phosphate Contaminated Lakes: Many lakes and rivers have been adversely affected by phosphates from laundry detergents, lawn and agricultural fertilizers, and other farm runoff. Projects are now underway looking at various strategies to both remedy the causeand clean up the lingering effects of past phosphate problems. Alcan Activated Alumina Products are being used and studied to address these issues.
Alcan Activated Aluminas for Potable Water and a Cleaner Environment
Advantages of AAFS50 in Arsenic Removal Applications
- Lowest cost per 1,000 gallons, generated by high capacity and low cost per cubic foot.- Robust material won’t deteriorate with backwash. (Many media claim higher capacities, but break down and cause lower column capacity due to media loss.)- Works across a broad range of water chemistries.- Iron levels do not affect the arsenic capacity.- Landfillable. AAFS50 has passed both TCLP and California WET tests for disposal without any of the hazardous wastes associated with iron coagulation or ion exchange resins.- Certified to NSF/ANSI standard 61, and successfully completed an- EPA ETV project.
Advantages of AAFS50 in Water Remediation Applications
- Ideal and cost effective for a wide variety of uses including – Storm water runoff, Remediation, Ballast water, Mine sites and Phosphate contaminated lakes.
Advantages of AA400G in Fluoride Removal Applications
- Easy to use. The feed solution is simply pumped through the bed to yield an effluent containing less than 1 ppm fluoride.- Highly adsorbent. AA400G Fluorograde is able to adsorb as much as 1.4 g fluoride per 100 g alumina.- Economical. Because of its high adsorption capacity, a unit will be operational for a longer time between change outs. This means savings on handling costs, too.- Removes arsenic and other contaminants right alongside fluoride removal.
Activated Alumina Fluoride Removal
Activated Alumina has long been considered the best technology for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. It is currently used to treat potable water for municipal and household units as well as remediation of waste streams. The adsorptive process is simple requiring a flow rate across the media with a five minute empty bed contact time. Remediation and municipal fluoride removal systems normally require regeneration to make them cost effective. Regeneration is accomplished by a simple process whereby a dilute caustic solution is used to strip the adsorbed fluoride and other dissolved contaminants off of the surface of the media. The caustic step is followed by rinsing and then the AA is reconditioned with sulfuric acid. As some of the alumina can be dissolved during regeneration it is recommended to plan for periodic media “top-up”. REMEDIATION PROCESS: - Step 1: Regenerate with 1% NaOH, Caustic Solution- Step 2: Rinse with H2O- Step 3: Neutralize with 0.05 N H2SO4 bringing effluent back to desired working pH level. The effectiveness of the media to adsorb fluoride is affected by a number of factors: Influent Fluoride Level: The capacity is bound by basic adsorption theory, the greater the concentration of fluoride, the higher the adsorptive capacity of the media. pH Level: The pH level also has a large impact on the ability to adsorb F. The optimum operating pH level is from 5.5 to 6.5. Adjustment (and readjustment, if necessary) is easily accomplished with the same solutions as regeneration. Contact Time: 5 minute Empty Bed Contact Time achieves the best balance of adsorption capacity and capital cost. Competing Ions: Fluoride is strongly attracted to activated alumina leaving few competing water contaminants. Silica, can reduce the fluoride adsorption capacity, although the silica effect is limited when pH adjustment is employed. Systems where silica levels are higher than 30 ppm may require more frequent and aggressive regeneration. Preconditioning Activated Alumina: The capacity of the activated alumina is greatly enhanced after conditioning. The first regeneration acts as a conditioning step. Note that the first treatment of non-preconditioned AA will yield a capacity 30% less than subsequent cycles after regeneration. Non Regenerative Systems: Activated alumina is also employed in some non regenerative applications please contact us for the modified AA which is best suited for your individual application. Arsenic Co-adsorption: Arsenic levels above the mcl limit are often found alongside fluoride in many waters. The fluoride removal step will also accomplish arsenic removal to acceptable levels in most applications. Should further arsenic removal be needed it would be at a greatly reduced level, while not effecting the total capacity for fluoride.
Activated Alumina has long been considered the best technology for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. It is currently used to treat potable water for municipal and household units as well as remediation of waste streams. The adsorptive process is simple requiring a flow rate across the media with a five minute empty bed contact time.
Remediation and municipal fluoride removal systems normally require regeneration to make them cost effective. Regeneration is accomplished by a simple process whereby a dilute caustic solution is used to strip the adsorbed fluoride and other dissolved contaminants off of the surface of the media. The caustic step is followed by rinsing and then the AA is reconditioned with sulfuric acid. As some of the alumina can be dissolved during regeneration it is recommended to plan for periodic media “top-up”.
REMEDIATION PROCESS:
- Step 1: Regenerate with 1% NaOH, Caustic Solution- Step 2: Rinse with H2O- Step 3: Neutralize with 0.05 N H2SO4 bringing effluent back to desired working pH level.
The effectiveness of the media to adsorb fluoride is affected by a number of factors:
Influent Fluoride Level: The capacity is bound by basic adsorption theory, the greater the concentration of fluoride, the higher the adsorptive capacity of the media.
pH Level: The pH level also has a large impact on the ability to adsorb F. The optimum operating pH level is from 5.5 to 6.5. Adjustment (and readjustment, if necessary) is easily accomplished with the same solutions as regeneration.
Contact Time: 5 minute Empty Bed Contact Time achieves the best balance of adsorption capacity and capital cost.
Competing Ions: Fluoride is strongly attracted to activated alumina leaving few competing water contaminants. Silica, can reduce the fluoride adsorption capacity, although the silica effect is limited when pH adjustment is employed. Systems where silica levels are higher than 30 ppm may require more frequent and aggressive regeneration.
Preconditioning Activated Alumina: The capacity of the activated alumina is greatly enhanced after conditioning. The first regeneration acts as a conditioning step. Note that the first treatment of non-preconditioned AA will yield a capacity 30% less than subsequent cycles after regeneration.
Non Regenerative Systems: Activated alumina is also employed in some non regenerative applications please contact us for the modified AA which is best suited for your individual application.
Arsenic Co-adsorption: Arsenic levels above the mcl limit are often found alongside fluoride in many waters. The fluoride removal step will also accomplish arsenic removal to acceptable levels in most applications. Should further arsenic removal be needed it would be at a greatly reduced level, while not effecting the total capacity for fluoride.
Water Remediation
Alcan Water Treatment Products are adsorbents which remove contaminants by a combination adsorption and particulate (or physical filtration) for the removal of chemical contaminants from water. Activated Alumina along with its promoted forms are the perfect choice for the adsorption of unwanted minerals, with proven results for arsenic, high levels of fluoride, copper, zinc, lead, silica and phosphates. There is also the potential for chromium, selenium and mercury. Advantages Easy to Use: Simple adsorption process utilizing five minutes contact time. Regeneration Option: Depending on the contaminant level or other economic factors product may be regenerated on site. Media is topped off with additional media after every ten to twenty regenerations. Easy to Regenerate: Once saturated, the alumina bed can be regenerated by following three simple steps:- Neutralization with 1% NaOH- Rinse with H2O- Reactivation with 0.05 N H2SO4 Disposal: Spent media may be non hazardous and landfillable depending on the application. Arsenic and fluoride single pass systems spent media has passed both the TCLP and California WET. Applications: - Alumina products have progressed beyond potable water applications needing arsenic and fluoride removal into various other applications. - Zinc and copper removal from storm water run off at recycling sites and plating company storage yards. It is also being used for protecting our waterways from phosphate contamination found in run off of waters. Mine tailing run off for arsenic, copper and zinc. - Zinc removal from ballast water protecting harbor environments. - Arsenic removal in various petroleum applications where crude oil contacts water.
Alcan Water Treatment Products are adsorbents which remove contaminants by a combination adsorption and particulate (or physical filtration) for the removal of chemical contaminants from water. Activated Alumina along with its promoted forms are the perfect choice for the adsorption of unwanted minerals, with proven results for arsenic, high levels of fluoride, copper, zinc, lead, silica and phosphates. There is also the potential for chromium, selenium and mercury.
Advantages
Applications:
- Alumina products have progressed beyond potable water applications needing arsenic and fluoride removal into various other applications.
- Zinc and copper removal from storm water run off at recycling sites and plating company storage yards. It is also being used for protecting our waterways from phosphate contamination found in run off of waters. Mine tailing run off for arsenic, copper and zinc.
- Zinc removal from ballast water protecting harbor environments.
- Arsenic removal in various petroleum applications where crude oil contacts water.
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