White Paper Jorge Loredo: Constructed Natural System Wetlands For Wastewater Treatment In Small Comm

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Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Small Communities and Rural Areas

Author            :Prof. Jorge Loredo

Designation    :Professor

Company        :University of Oviedo

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Synopsis

The application of natural systems for wastewater treatments in small communities and rural areas includes a vast array of technologies including soil-based and aquatic systems. The common element in all of them is the major contribution made by the “natural” environmental components (soil, vegetation and micro-organisms) which provide the desired treatment. Natural systems typically require fewer operational personnel, consume less energy, and produce less sludge than the higher-rate systems. A necessary requirement previous to the consideration of any type of natural treatment is the characterisation of the wastewater to be treated: flow rate, composition, and their variation over time.

Experience with the assimilative capacity of natural wetlands has led to the construction of man-made wetland systems. Constructed wetlands are relatively simple to design and build, some important hydrologic factors to consider include hydraulic loading rate, hydraulic residence time, infiltrative capacity, and the overall water balance. They can effectively remove large quantities of pollutants including organic matter, suspended solids, metals, and excess nutrients, and the effectivity of treatment is largement dependent on substrate chemistry. Some physical, chemical and biological processes contribute to the immobilisation and/or transformation of pollutants. Furthermore through absorption and assimilation, wetland plants remove nutrients for biomass production. Important aspects to be in consideration design criteria are: cell depth, vegetation type and substrate, which provide physical support for plants and attachment surfaces for microbial populations. Constructed wetlands offer an effective and economical self-maintaining alternative to conventional treatment systems, and in consequence they appear to have very broad applicability as wastewater treatment systems for an array of water pollution problems, including domestic wastewater treatment in small communities.

For small communities, constructed wetlands are technical and economical advantageous, and these can be the most cost-effective option since expensive wastewater collection systems can be minimised and central treatment and discharge completely avoided.

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